赵孟頫对《楚辞》的图像呈现******
作者:罗建新(西华师范大学文学院教授)
宋室贵胄赵孟頫“以承平王孙而婴世变,黍离之悲,有不能忘情者,故深得骚人意度”(邵亨贞《蚁术词选》),以“香草美人”之法创作诗文,吟咏情性:用“春风不披拂”“含英在中林”的“青青蕙兰花”作比,抒写“胡能见幽心”的不遇之悲;借“美人在何许,忽若阻山阿。攀条弄白日,常恐岁蹉跎”之事象,寄托“恐年岁之不吾与”的忧生之嗟;假“霜风何凄厉,兰萧同枯萎”起兴,传递因“众女嫉蛾眉”“俯首无所诉,菹醢听所为”而生的幽怨之情;遂使其文学作品呈现出“绍骚”韵致。而在其最为世人所称誉、推许为元人“冠冕”的图像创作中,也能见出“灵均余影”:他挥毫泼墨,涂抹丹青,书《离骚》《九歌》,写《渔父》《远游》,绘《屈原像》《九歌图》《西洞庭图》《东洞庭图》,画《兰蕙图》《竹石幽兰图》,运用多种艺术样式对《楚辞》进行图像呈现,使得其艺术创作展现出别具深意的楚骚情怀,既增加图像作品的文化底蕴,又丰富了中国古代《楚辞》文献的内容,具有多重意义。
众体兼擅的赵孟頫,曾以楷、行诸体,书写《离骚》《渔父》《九歌》《远游》等文辞。据清张照《石渠宝笈》卷一载:顺治十六年(1659年),皇帝“节临赵孟頫书《离骚》凡八则,计十七页”,则赵松雪当书写有《离骚》的部分诗句,故方能为顺治帝所本。又据美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆藏赵孟頫《九歌图册》、台北“故宫博物院”藏赵孟頫《九歌图》可知,孟頫曾行楷书《渔父》《九歌》文辞。复据陆心源《穰梨馆过眼录》卷二载:赵孟頫有行书《远游》卷,白麻纸本,坚洁如素,凡三接,八十八行,行十二至十四字;拖尾有钱应溥、唐翰题等跋文,谓此卷“首末千百言,无一懈笔,转换处篆以籀法运之,视公他迹,尤奇特”,极为推许;此卷在元时为句曲外史张雨庋藏,后流入建康王氏家,至清时,相继为沈旦华、唐翰题所得,后又经程文葆、曾朴、李葆恂、奎濂、朱汝珍等观览题签,今藏于北京故宫博物院,为人们直观感知松雪“上追二王,后人不及”的精绝书艺提供物质依凭。
“画入逸品、高者诣神”的赵孟頫,也以册页、手卷、立轴等形制,用白描、设色之法,绘制屈原肖像,摹写《九歌》诗意诗境,图画南楚东西洞庭形象,勾勒《离骚》香草状貌,创作出异彩纷呈的《楚辞》图像作品。
大德九年(1305年)八月,赵孟頫于所绘《九歌图》卷首画屈原立像:隆额高鼻,毫眉稀须,面容清癯,其头束缁撮,身着交领大袖袍,双手拢袖中,侧视前方,若有所思,目光平和而坚定;不似《渔父》篇所谓“颜色憔悴,形容枯槁”者,与后世画家如陈洪绶等所绘之屈子亦不类,具象呈现出宋、元时人对屈原容貌的理解与想象。
《楚辞》诸篇中,赵孟頫于《九歌》尤为眷怀,曾屡屡将之绘为图像。其中,有予《九歌》诸神以整体图绘者,如大德三年(1299年)八月,孟頫以设色之法,绘东皇太一、云中君、湘君、湘夫人、大司命、少司命、东君、河伯、山鬼、国殇共十神形象于绢帛上,笔法精妙,种种入神,令神之丰容、仪从,尽展于画幅之中。观者展玩一过,但觉云为之屯,烟为之摇,鼋为之泳,豹为之翔,恍恍惚惚,隐隐邈邈有不可遍视者,故明景泰(1450—1457年)时人顾亶叹曰:“神哉技至此也!”大德九年(1305年)八月,孟頫楷书《渔父》《九歌》十篇文辞,笔画精严,无一懈怠落凡,风神秀健;复以线描之法,绘屈原像及《九歌》十神,其所绘人物有贵而尊严者,有绰约神仙者,有魁梧奇伟者,有诡怪可怖者,旁见侧出,各极其妙,而笔力飞动,神情如生,明人蒋如奇(?—1643年)将之誉为“稀世宝”。延祐六年(1319年)四月,孟頫应夏七提领之请,于绢帛之上楷书《九歌》十一篇,线描前十神之形象,其中东皇太一裹甲执弓矢、訾裂髯张,而东君冠服手板、从以拥剑侍从,与诗意不符,或为后人误装所致。
亦有取用《九歌》部分诗句蕴意,予以图像呈现者,如孟頫曾取意于《湘夫人》“袅袅兮秋风,洞庭波兮木叶下”语,作《西洞庭图》《东洞庭图》,前图山自右出而高,缘岸老树数株,后图山自左出而小,愈见湖天空旷之势,山宗董源,水法唐人,布景设色得淡远之妙,秀润已极,乾隆以为其“着墨无多,而湖光渺弥,传神在气韵间,直骎骎然度营邱前矣”。图中各题以骚语四句:“山之凹兮水之涯,沙棱棱兮石礌礌,有美人兮如彼兰茝,思之不来兮使我心痗”“洞庭波兮山崨岌,川可济兮不可以涉。木兰为舟兮为楫,渺余怀兮风一叶。”既取法“骚体”,又化用《九歌》文辞,直接点明图中“阻隔”之象所寄的“不遇”之意,抒写期冀“小舟从此逝,江海寄余生”的退居之情。
赵孟頫还取材于《楚辞》香草,绘制多种图画。大德八年(1304年)三月,孟頫任浙江等处儒学提举,王冕将之邵阳,遂往拜谒。孟頫取意《离骚》“余既滋兰之九畹兮,又树蕙之百亩”语,作水墨《兰蕙图》以赠之。图绘兰、蕙二丛,生于石隙,兰叶交搭,向上作风势,蕙蕊含馨,似临风笑迎,诸物刚柔互济,俯仰交应,极富层次感。卷首有乾隆款识,谓其于“甲子仲秋月曾临一过”,拖尾有赵孟吁、赵孟琪、张图南、沈原、赵淇等人题跋,谓“悠悠《离骚》意,奕奕相浦华”“玉堂云雾湿,飞下《离骚》笔”云云,在“香草美人”的传统审美语境中赋予图像与《楚辞》以直接关联,启发观者思考图中所蕴含的“无限幽贞意”。美国克利夫兰艺术博物馆藏有孟頫《竹石幽兰图》,绘有嶙峋叠立之坡石,左右生幽兰数丛,兰叶潇洒舒展,穿插有致,花瓣随意点簇,疏落俏丽;复缀以小竹数株,枝叶繁茂,或有斜逸旁出者,其间若有轻风斜吹,竹叶俯仰摇曳;石隙间生幽草七、八丛,葳蕤纤柔。全图布局匀称平正,石以飞白,曲折顿挫,兰竹则以草书和八分笔法,撇捺为之,灵动飘逸,含劲健于婀娜之中,充分体现出赵体书法特有的俊逸秀美。图后有韩性、仇远、郑元祐、吴克恭、昂吉、王孜方、柯九思、赵奕、张渥、章鑑等题跋二十七则,或陈说“欲寻灵均歌楚些,汨罗江远日将曛”“三闾六逸重千古,其名耿耿谁相成”等有观图而生的悼屈之感;或依王逸“善鸟香草以配忠贞,恶禽臭物以比谗佞”之例,谓其图中之兰“纫之为佩矣,如屈平终投于汨罗”,竹“直躬如矢矣,若史渔今亦且死”,而“伊谁树二棘于其间矣,正枳棘之青蝇为白璧之所耻”,解析图像的比兴意义。
赵孟頫运用多种艺术技法,对《楚辞》进行图像化呈现,当是托物言志而有意为之者。孟頫为赵宋“帝王苗裔”,才名重当世,却折节仕元,故多为世人鄙斥,郑思肖、谢枋得、戴表元等甚至与之绝交,不肯相见;为官元廷后的政治境遇又令其有“误落尘网中”“宛转受缠绕”的“笼中鸟”之感,愁来无端倪。面对此种窘境,他曾作《送吴幼清南还序》自陈心迹:入朝为官乃是“欲出而用之于国,使圣贤之泽沛然及于天下”“非苟为是栖栖也”,并书写《楚辞》,以“众不可户说兮,孰云察余之中情”自慰,用“岂余身之惮殃兮,恐皇舆之败绩”自勉;又因觉“《九歌》屈子之所作也,忠以事君,而君或不见信而反踈,然其忠愤有不能自已,故假神人以寓厥意”(赵孟頫延祐六年本《九歌图》自跋),绘多本《九歌图》,具象呈现“空有丹心依魏阙”的不遇之悲;同时,他还取意于《楚辞》香草,屡屡图画深林寂寞犹芬芳的兰、蕙,蕴清洁贞静之志于嫋嫋幽花中,以明情志。美国旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆藏赵孟頫《兰蕙图》中,有日本学者长尾甲题跋:“松雪仕元,贵封魏国,乃写此幽抱孤芳之状,岂有所托耶?”或可表明,赵孟頫《楚辞》图像中体现出的楚骚情怀,已成为不同区域观者的审美共识。
《光明日报》( 2022年12月19日 13版)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |